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Adolescent Girls' Sex Role Development: Relationship, with Sports Participation, Self-Esteem and.... |
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...Age at Menarche
This study investigated the development of sex role or&ntation among adolescent girls, and explored its relationship with sports participation, self-esteem, and age at menarche. The instruments were administered to 134 girls yearly from Grades 6 to 10 (ages 11 to 15). The results obtained with the Bern Sex Role Inventory showed group mean increases in the masculine and feminine scale scores, and considerable shifting in sex role categorizations over the five years. However, individual differences were quite consistent during the five-year study, suggesting some degree of stability in sex role orientation during adolescence. Sports participants and girls with high self-esteem had greater masculine sex role orientations throughout adolescence, with no differences in feminine orientations. It was concluded that the relationship of sex role orientation with sports participation and self-esteem was not an interactive one, but was reflective of individual differences. These individual differences begin in late childhood, with the variables developing concurrently. Age at menarche did not affect sex role orientation.
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A Longitudinal Investigation of Sport Participation, Peer Acceptance, and Self-esteem among ... |
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....Adolescent Girls and Boys
The present investigation was designed to explore the relations between sport participation, peer acceptance, and global self-esteem. Peer acceptance was considered as a possible mediator of the relationship between sport participation and global self-esteem. The sample included girls (N=4,689) and boys (N=5,811) between the ages of 12 and 21 (M=15 years) who were part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Analyses revealed that peer acceptance partially mediated the relation between sport participation and global self-esteem for girls as well as boys. Findings suggest the importance of considering how sport participation and self-evaluations in particular domains may contribute to global feelings of self-worth. The role of peers in this relationship is discussed in relation to changing social attitudes about girls’ sport participation.
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Cultural Capital and High School Bullies: How Social Inequality Impacts School Violence |
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This analysis of male peer hierarchies in schools argues that battles for cultural capital are a significant causal factor in the spate of school shootings across the United States between 1996 and 2002. The hallmarks of normalized masculinity—hypermasculine identification, athletics, fighting, distance from homosexuality, dominant relationships with girls, socioeconomic status, and disdain for academics—do not include alternative ways to build cultural capital when young men do not fit into rigid traditional social structures. Lacking such cultural capital, the perpetrators attempted to prove their masculinity through overwhelming violence—responses that in Michel Foucault’s theoretical framework, reinforced the very power structures they seemed to want to destroy. The analysis concludes with positive directions for change including pedagogical strategies.
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Wrestling with Gender: Physicality and Masculinities among Inner-City First and Second Graders |
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In this article, it is shown how a group of young schoolchildren rely on physicality in the production of masculinities. The authors draw from participant observational data gathered during two four-month time periods in the children's first- and second-grade years of a predominately Black, lower income, inner-city school. The production of a dominant and subordinate masculinity, as well as the children's struggles to define, to achieve, and to resist the dominant masculinity are described and discussed. Attempts to subordinate femininities and especially girls' physicality are highlighted.
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Athletic Agression On The Rink and Off The Ice: Athlete Violence and Aggression in Hockey and ... |
...Interpersonal Relationships
Because male athletes have exhibited aggressive tendencies in a variety of settings, they may be at risk for using violence both within and beyond their sports involvement. Five former college/professional hockey players were interviewed to determine their perspectives on the nature of aggression and violence in sports competition as well as in social relationships.The informants were asked aboutathletes’violence and aggression toward teammates, acquaintances, and female intimates. This analysis includes participants’ experiences, observations, and explanations of the instances of violence in hockey culture. The study findings yield (1) a greater understanding of the ways in which hockey socialization and athletes’notions of masculinity combine to create a culture of aggression and violence and (2) two major factors—consumption of alcohol and the objectification of women—that contribute to exporting violence outside the athletic arena.
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Conceptions of Masculinity and of Gender Transgressions in Sport among Adolescent Boys: |
Hegemony, Contestation, and Social Class DynamicThis article explores and interprets the various meanings that male adolescents give to masculinity, intermale tensions and oppositions, and their differential appraisals of men who participate in so-called women's sports—that is, men who transgress the rules of the gender order in sport. This study is theoretically inspired by Harding's (1986) conceptualization of the three processes that produce gender social life: gender symbolism, gender structure, and individual gender. Content analysis of 174 essays written by boys from three different socioeconomic milieux indicates that class interweaves with gender at both the symbolic and structural levels. Boys' images of masculinities as well as their appraisals of men's transgressions revealed differences that were closely linked to the specific material conditions in which they arose; they show specific class interests and intraclass gendered power relationships. As opposed to the girls' appraisals, the boys showed a marked reluctance toward degendering. The degendering issue is discussed.
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"New Lads"? Masculinities and the "New Sport" Participant |
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Historically, sport has been so closely identified with men that sport has become one of the key signifiers of masculinity in many Western societies. Traditional institutionalized sports cultures in these societies have been a central site for the creation and reaffirmation of masculine identities and for the exclusion and/or control of women. Since the 1970s, women have permeated many sporting spheres; thus, exploring the role sport plays in the reproduction and/or transformation of contemporary relations between and within the sexes is a prime concern. This article explores how gender relations and identities in a less institutionalized, "new sport" culture are constructed. Ethnographic research focused on a windsurfing community in England and examined men's (and women's) sporting experiences within this community. The ethnographic data suggests that while competing masculinities are negotiated in the windsurfing culture, this individualized new sport broadens the recognized boundaries of sporting masculinities.
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The Sexual Abuse of Boys in Organized Male Sports |
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is now a significant issue for organized sports. Since its "discovery" thirty years ago, research on CSA has been guided mostly by the "maleperpetrator—female victim" paradigm; hence, the perspective of the sexually abused male in the sports context has rarely been considered. This article considers organized male-sports as a social space that facilitates the sexual abuse of boys. Through promoting a sociological perspective on child abuse rather than an individualized and pathologized approach, I consider how the institutions of childhood, masculinity, and sports fit together and the contribution that sports make to the adult—child relation. I use Spiegel’s ecosystems model of the sexually abused male (SAM) and the sociology of sports literature to identify how some normative features of male sports contribute to the sexual abuse of male children.
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"No Way My Boys Are Going To Be Like That!" Parents’ Responses to Children’s Gender Nonconformity |
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Drawing on qualitative interviews with parents of preschool children, the author addresses parental responses to children’s gender nonconformity. The author’s analyses indicate that parents welcome what they perceive as gender nonconformity among their young daughters, while their responses in relation to sons are more complex. Many parents across racial and class backgrounds accept or encourage some tendencies they consider atypical for boys. But this acceptance is balanced by efforts to approximate hegemonic ideals of masculinity. The author considers these patterns in the context of gender as an interactional accomplishment, demonstrating that parents are often consciously aware of their own role in accomplishing gender with and for their sons. Heterosexual fathers are especially likely to be motivated in that accomplishment work by their own personal endorsement of hegemonic masculinity, while heterosexual mothers and gay parents are more likely to be motivated by accountability to others in relation to those ideals.
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